Homomorphic Polynomial Public Key Cryptography for Quantum-secure Digital Signature
Abstract:
In photonic computing, the quantum systems consist of coherent states and squeezed coherent states. Common quantum gates found in these systems are: phase shift, displacement, and squeezing gates. These gates are all unitary and reversible. Outside of quantum systems, coherent states also plays a significant role in coherent optical communications with speeds of hundreds of gigabits per second. Secure optical communications is generally implemented at the data layer with classical symmetric encryption such as Advanced Standard Encryption or AES. This inevitably allows any wiretapping to capture the transmitted data either in the plaintext mode or in the encrypted ciphertext mode in the optical infrastructure. The recent and rapid developments in Quantum computing further lift up the need for quantum secure communications in the optical infrastructure.
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Homomorphic polynomial public key encapsulation over two hidden rings for quantum- safe key encapsulation
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Kuang et al. recently introduced a novel quantum-safe public key scheme, called the multivariate Polynomial Public Key or MPPK. MPPK is based upon the mutual inversion relationship of multiplication and division, with the former used for key pair construction, and the latter used for decryption. For key pair construction, two solvable univariate polynomials are each multiplied by a base multivariate polynomial used for the purpose of noise injection.
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This paper presents the results of benchmarking the quantum-safe Multivariate Public Key Cryptosystem (MPPK) key encapsulation mechanism for quadratic solvable univariate polynomials. We used a benchmarking tool containing implementations of the four NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) finalists: Kyber, McEliece, NTRU, and Saber. The benchmark demonstrates that the performance of MPPK is comparable with that of the four PQC algorithms, offering relatively fast key generation and small key sizes. Key encapsulation and decapsulation performance are comparable with the PQC schemes, with room for improvement.
Abstract:
Kuang, Perepechaenko, and Barbeau recently proposed a novel quantum-safe digital signature algorithm called Multivariate Polynomial Public Key or MPPK/DS. The key construction originated with two univariate polynomials and one base multivariate polynomial defined over a ring. The variable in the univariate polynomials represents a plain message. All but one variable in the multivariate polynomial refer to noise used to obscure private information.
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Abstract:
Kuang et al. introduced the new quantum-safe algorithm Multivariate Polynomial Public Key Digital Signature (MPPK DS). To create a signature, the MPPK DS scheme’s private key consists of univariate polynomials used as exponents of a secret randomly generated base. For signature verification, the verifier leverages public key multivariate polynomials and a modular arithmetic property.
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Abstract:
We propose a new quantum-safe cryptosystem called multivariate polynomial public key (MPPK). Its security stems from the hardness of finding integer solutions to multivariate equations over a prime field GF(p). Indeed, for a large prime p, solving modular Diophantine equations is an NP-complete problem.
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Abstract:
We propose a new quantum-safe digital signature algorithm called Multivariate Polynomial Public Key Digital Signature (MPPK/DS). The core of the algorithm is based on the modular arithmetic property that for a given element g, greater than equal to two, in a prime Galois field GF(p) and two multivariate polynomials P and Q, if P is equal to Q modulo p-1, then g to the power of P is equal to g to the power of Q modulo p.
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Indistinguishability and Non-deterministic Encryption of the Quantum Safe Multivariate Polynomial Public Key Cryptographic System
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Performance Analysis of the Quantum Safe Multivariate Polynomial Public Key Algorithm
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Quantum Encrypted Communication between Two IBMQ Systems Using Quantum Permutation Pad
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Quantum secure lightweight cryptography with quantum permutation pad
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Shannon Perfect Secrecy in a Discrete Hilbert Space
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Quantum Safe Lightweight Cryptography with Quantum Permutation Pad
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Quantum permutation pad or QPP is a set of quantum permutation gates. QPP has been demonstrated for quantum secure encryption in both classical and quantum computing systems recently, even at a noisy 5-qubit IBMQ systems. In a classical computing system, QPP encryption is implemented as a permutation gate matrix multiplication
… Read More with information state vectors. In a quantum computing system, QPP is compiled into a quantum encryption circuit in a native quantum computer and encryption is performed through QPP circuit. Leveraging its quantum mechanical characteristics, we report a digital QKD or D-QKD platform using QPP as a quantum mechanical algorithm implemented in classical systems to distribute quantum entropy, generated from physical quantum random number generators or QRNG, and quantum key over the internet. D-QKD interfaces have been developed to support the photonic QKD standard ETSI-014. This makes any systems with ETSI QKD standards compatible with D-QKD. D-QKD offers point-to-point quantum entropy and quantum key distributions as well as point-to-multi-points quantum key synchronizations with speeds 1000x faster than photonic QKD. This paper reports benchmark performance tests and randomness quality tests for pure quantum entropy generated by a QRNG and expanded entropy using the QPP protocol. The work has been funded by the PlanQK1 project and deployed within the OpenQKD2 testbed Berlin, operated by Deutsche Telekom.
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Pseudo Quantum Random Number Generator with Quantum Permutation Pad
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Experimental demonstration of quantum encryption in phase space with displacement operator in coherent optical communications
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We provide experimental validation of quantum encryption in phase space using displacement operators in coherent states (DOCS) in a conventional coherent optical communication system. The proposed encryption technique is based on displacing the information symbols in the phase space using random phases and amplitudes to achieve encryption randomly and provide security at the physical layer. … Read More We also introduce a dual polarization encryption approach where we use two different and random DOCS to encrypt the X and Y polarizations separately. The experimental results show that only authorized users can decrypt the signal correctly, and any mismatch in the displacement operator coefficients, amplitudes, or phases will lead to a bit error ratio (BER) of approximately 50%. We also compare the performance of the system with and without encryption over 80 km of standard-single mode fiber (SSMF) transmission to assess the added penalty of such encryption. The achieved net bit rates are 224, 448, and 560 Gb/s for QPSK, 16QAM, and 32QAM modulation formats, respectively. The experimental results showcase the efficacy of the DOCS encryption technique in resisting various decryption attempts, demonstrating its effectiveness in ensuring the security and confidentiality of transmitted data in a real-world transmission scenario.
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Quantum Encryption in Phase Space using Displacement Operator for QPSK Data Modulation
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In photonic computing, the quantum systems consist of coherent states and squeezed coherent states. Common quantum gates found in these systems are: phase shift, displacement, and squeezing gates. These gates are all unitary and reversible. Outside of quantum systems, coherent states also plays a significant role in coherent optical communications with speeds of hundreds of gigabits per second. Secure optical communications is generally implemented at the data layer with classical symmetric encryption such as Advanced Standard Encryption or AES. This inevitably allows any wiretapping to capture the transmitted data either in the plaintext mode or in the encrypted ciphertext mode in the optical infrastructure. The recent and rapid developments in Quantum computing further lift up the need for quantum secure communications in the optical infrastructure. … Read More This paper proposes a novel quantum encryption in the coherent optical domain utilizing a displacement operator and implementing with IQ-MZM optical modules, called Quantum Encryption in Phase Space or QEPS. The communication peers share a secret used to seed cryptographic pseudo random number generators to produce a synchronized random number at both the transmitter and receiver. The synchronized random numbers are used to establish displacement operators to encrypt the coherent states at the transmission and decrypt the cipher coherent states at the receiver. Therefore, malicious parties tapping along the fibre line would not extract the message in transit from optical domain due to a high Bit Error Rate or BER. The optimal displacement operator is split into a standard 16-QAM and a random phase shift operator to enhance the transmission security. We analysis the transmission security with the wiretap channel model for semantic security. We have simulated the QEPS encryption and decryption for two data modulation schemes: QPSK and 16-QAM over 80 km for transmission speeds of 56 Gbps for QPSK and 112 Gbps for 16-QAM.
Abstract:
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has recently attracted attention for its ability to overcome the fundamental limits of secret key rate for point-to-point connectivity without quantum repeaters in QKD. Coherent-based TF-QKD or CTF-QKD, which utilizes coherent states for both transmissions and detections, has allowed systems to be designed for existing optical fiber communication … Read More networks allowing for improved performance compared to conventional QKD. Here, we report a theoretical study of CTF-QKD security from an eavesdropper. Compared to conventional QKD and TF-QKD systems, CTF-QKD system is not limited to using only single photon sources/detectors allowing this system to have comparable performance and range as current optical fiber networks. Using commercially available simulation software, we verify the efficacy by studying three different preventative measures for different modulation formats to prevent an eavesdropper from obtaining any secret key information. Results show that parameters can be limited to prevent an eavesdropper from obtaining any information. The simulation also demonstrates that the photon number-phase uncertainty principle for coherent states starts to play major role of security at 128-QAM modulation. Additional security measures are also described to detect the presence of an eavesdropper and improve the system integrity.
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Security Performance of Public Key Distribution in Coherent Optical Communications Links
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Theoretical uncertainties associated with the measurement of quantum bits have made Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) an attractive research topic for secure communication systems. Recent research in this area has focused on using weak coherent laser pulses as the carrier instead of the traditional approach of using single photon carriers. This opens the possibility to implement QKD infrastructure that is compatible with the existing optical fiber communication network. In this work, we report a theoretical study of a new approach that utilizes the Quantum Public Key Envelope (QPKE) based on the randomized Glauber states in a classical coherent optical communication system to obtain a secure communication. … Read More We verify the efficacy of the system using numerical simulation. We also study the possible approaches for an eavesdropper to test the degree of security enhancement of the proposed system at bitrate of 56 Gb/s. Two eavesdropping techniques are proposed for security analysis. A set of security parameters are used to simulate the variety of eavesdropping schemes.
Quantum Public Key Distribution using Randomized Glauber States
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Abstract:
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) protocols have remained an enticing solution because it is able to overcome many of the limitations that are inherently found in QKD. However, the performance of this technology is still not adequate to be implemented for secure transmission of data. … Read More A variant of the TF-QKD protocol is Coherent-based Two Field QKD (CTF-QKD), which utilizes coherent states for both transmission and detections, is integratable with current infrastructure, and has similar performance to current classical optical communication systems. This proceeding is a continuation of the preliminary security analysis that was previously published in [1–2]. Key vulnerabilities in the current system are identified in simulation and guidelines to prevent an eavesdropper from obtaining data from a tapping attack. Finally, the practical security of the system is discussed and the challenges for an attacker to accomplish real-time decryption of data transmitted.
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Ken leads marketing strategy at Quantropi. In high demand as a consultant with 25 years’ experience in performance media and an award- winning creative background, he has completed successful transformations, (re)branding and product development mandates with KPMG, Keurig DrPepper, Fidelity,the Previan Group of companies, Coveo, and numerous others. Previously, Ken pivoted an offline advertising brokerage to a leading-edge, data-driven performance agency as President of DAC Digital, held a progression of international leadership roles with Monster.com in North America and Europe, pioneered a range of multi-channel initiatives as VP Marketing with a global franchisor, and introduced a mobile-first programmatic media offering to Canada within WPP.
Eric Chan a.k.a. EEPMON is a Crypto / Digital Artist with 15 years in the industry – and Quantropi’s Creative Emissary. His hybrid fractal/digital creations have been seen in fashion, comics to museums and has exhibited worldwide. EEPMON’s collaborations include Canada Goose, MARVEL, Snoopy, Microsoft Xbox, Canada Science & Technology Museum and was a TEDx performing artist. In 2018 he represented Canada on its first Creative Industries Trade Mission led by Canada’s Minister of Heritage and serves on the Canadian Museums Association‘s Board of Directors. At the same time, he is currently completing his Master of Information Technology – Digital Media at Carleton University.
Before joining Quantropi, Mike was Managing Director and co-founder of Accenture Ventures, where he grew a global portfolio of strategic partnerships and 38 equity investments in emerging technology startups.
During his nearly 30 years with Accenture, he incubated and launched technology innovations for enterprises across multiple geographies and industries. Ever-passionate about bold ideas with game-changing results, he speaks frequently on the impact of emerging technology on large organizations.
With a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Princeton, and a Master’s in Biomedical Engineering from Northwestern, Mike is a former member of the Board of Directors for the Accenture Foundation and Board Observer for startups Maana and Splice Machine.
A seasoned technology executive, business builder and angel investor, Raj has held operational and advisory roles in Recognia (Trading Central), Belair Networks (Ericsson), March Networks (Infinova), Sandvine (Procera), Neurolanguage (ADEC), Bridgewater Systems (Amdocs), Vayyoo (Cafex), TenXc (CCI), 1Mobility (Qualys) and others. Having divided his time among North America, EMEA and Asia-Pac for over 20 years, Raj speaks several languages. He grew up in Asia, Europe, South America and Canada, and holds a B.Eng degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Ottawa. He is also a co-founder and Charter Member of the Ottawa chapter of TiE (the Indus Entrepreneur).
Cory brings a breadth of experience to the Quantropi team, working fractionally with multiple SaaS technology companies as CFO, and as the CFO with Celtic House Venture Partners. Prior to these roles, Cory was CFO and COO at Solink, and played a lead role in the metrics-led pivot to a direct-sales SaaS model, followed by multiple VC-backed funding rounds and their recognition as one of the fastest growing start-ups in Canada. He qualified as a CPA while serving technology, VC & PE-fund clients at Deloitte, and earned his Bachelor of Commerce at Queen’s University.
Randy holds a doctorate in quantum physics. His research findings have been published in top international journals and named “Kuang’s semi-classical formalism” by NASA in 2012. With a career spanning IT, including with Nortel as senior network researcher & developer, he co-founded inBay Technologies in 2009, serving as CTO of the cybersecurity platform. As the first recipient of a patent for two-level authentication (2011), Randy is a prolific inventor, with 30+ U.S. patents in broad technology fields, such as WiMAX, optical networks, multi-factor identity authentication, transaction authorization, as well as concepts, technologies and industrial applications for quantum key distribution.
A seasoned technology executive, business builder and angel investor, Raj has held operational and advisory roles in Recognia (Trading Central), Belair Networks (Ericsson), March Networks (Infinova), Sandvine (Procera), Neurolanguage (ADEC), Bridgewater Systems (Amdocs), Vayyoo (Cafex), TenXc (CCI), 1Mobility (Qualys) and others. Having divided his time among North America, EMEA and Asia-Pac for over 20 years, Raj speaks several languages. He grew up in Asia, Europe, South America and Canada, and holds a B.Eng degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Ottawa. He is also a co-founder and Charter Member of the Ottawa chapter of TiE (the Indus Entrepreneur).
Randy holds a doctorate in quantum physics. His research findings have been published in top international journals and named “Kuang’s semi-classical formalism” by NASA in 2012. With a career spanning IT, including with Nortel as senior network researcher & developer, he co-founded inBay Technologies in 2009, serving as CTO of the cybersecurity platform. As the first recipient of a patent for two-level authentication (2011), Randy is a prolific inventor, with 30+ U.S. patents in broad technology fields, such as WiMAX, optical networks, multi-factor identity authentication, transaction authorization, as well as concepts, technologies and industrial applications for quantum key distribution.
Prior to joining Quantropi, Nik most recently provided strategic and tactical leadership as Director of Finance overseeing a large corporate treasury department. Here, he managed over $2B in operating funds and $1B in financing. Other responsibilities included cash management and forecasting, liquidity and investments, corporate financing, financial risk management as well as accounting and internal control management. Preceding that, Nik provided assurance, accounting and advisory services focused on high tech clients with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Canada. Nik has held progressive finance roles in various different environments and holds a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) designation and an MBA from the Schulich School of Business.
Sacha Gera possesses a deep understanding of the industry’s nuances through extensive experience in the cybersecurity sector. The Ottawa-based leader and Forty Under 40 recipient has nearly twenty years of experience in SaaS industries, professional services, and M&A, working in technology for both start-ups and large multinational organizations, such as IBM, Nortel, CGI and Calian. He currently also holds the position of CEO at JSI and Director at CENGN & Ottawa Board of Trade BOD.
Prior to joining Quantropi, Jay was Chief Growth Officer of Kepro, responsible for the organization’s overall growth strategy in government markets. Before that, Jay held a progression of sales leadership and general management roles during his nearly 17 years at Microsoft, including GM, Enterprise Services, State and Local Government & Education, during which period he was responsible for the most complex business in the U.S. subsidiary (with 2,000 customers across the country), nearly doubling revenue from $160M to over $300M. Prior to his career at Microsoft, Jay was VP at Risetime, where he launched and ran a Financial Services practice area; a Principal at Lakefront, where he was responsible for business development and strategic partnerships; and a Manager at Accenture in the Emerging Technology Solutions group. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Virginia.
Jeff’s distinguished career includes an extraordinary track record of successfully navigating and spearheading expansions and transforming companies into industry giants. Jeff was the President and CEO of Giant Tiger Stores for 10 years. In this capacity, Jeff helped grow the business from a regional discount chain with 250 million in sales to 1.4 billion in sales nationally as Canada’s third largest discount chain. In 2009, Jeff joined Farm Boy with a mandate to expand the business. Under his leadership, the company grew from a nine-store chain in the Ottawa region to 26 stores in Ottawa, Kingston, the GTA and Southwestern Ontario. Farm Boy was acquired by Sobeys’ parent company Empire Company Limited for $800 million in 2018.
Before joining Quantropi, Mike was Managing Director and co-founder of Accenture Ventures, where he grew a global portfolio of strategic partnerships and 38 equity investments in emerging technology startups.
During his nearly 30 years with Accenture, he incubated and launched technology innovations for enterprises across multiple geographies and industries. Ever-passionate about bold ideas with game-changing results, he speaks frequently on the impact of emerging technology on large organizations.
With a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Princeton, and a Master’s in Biomedical Engineering from Northwestern, Mike is a former member of the Board of Directors for the Accenture Foundation and Board Observer for startups Maana and Splice Machine.
James Nguyen is a Co-Founder and the CEO of Quantropi, a quantum-secure communications company established in 2018. Alongside Dr. Randy Kuang, he aims to uphold truth and trust in the digital economy on a global scale. In 2021, James was officially recognized as a recipient of Ottawa’s Top Forty Under 40 Award, and he holds a degree in Economics from Carleton University.
With a profound understanding of banking and global finance, James actively invests in and advises early-stage companies in the fields of Fintech, Graphene, and Quantum Technologies, particularly in emerging markets. Prior to his role at Quantropi, he served as the Chief Investment Officer and VP of Asia Operations for a diverse group of private and public interests involved in real estate, mining, energy storage, and manufacturing. In this capacity, he was responsible for strategy, banking, and global expansions, successfully securing substantial investments and partnerships to commercialize graphene applications across various industries.
James participates as a speaker and panelist at international conferences focused on quantum technology, cybersecurity, and investment. He also contributes to the community as a volunteer and mentor, leveraging his expertise and experiences to benefit others.
Sacha Gera possesses a deep understanding of the industry’s nuances through extensive experience in the cybersecurity sector. The Ottawa-based leader and Forty Under 40 recipient has nearly twenty years of experience in SaaS industries, professional services, and M&A, working in technology for both start-ups and large multinational organizations, such as IBM, Nortel, CGI and Calian. He currently also holds the position of CEO at JSI and Director at CENGN & Ottawa Board of Trade BOD.
Dat Nguyen has executive experience with top global consultancies such as IBM, Accenture, Ernst & Young (EY), and decacorn start-up Grab at C-Level roles.
During 20 years of consulting, Dat has worked with multiple companies across Canada, the USA, the Caribbean, and the Asia Pacific with CEO roles and leadership such as CEO for Accenture Vietnam, CEO of Grab Vietnam, and Partner of EY Consulting leading the technology practice (including Cybersecurity) in Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia).
Dat is a tech entrepreneur, a co-founder, and a digital ecosystem builder. He is passionate about new and innovative technologies and is involved in multiple companies across verticals such as AI, Blockchain, Web3, Cybersecurity, InsurTech, and FinTech. Dat is currently a member of the ASIA CEO Club.
Dat earned the Executive Education at Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School, and received the Executive Certificate in Public Leadership in 2018.
Jeff’s distinguished career includes an extraordinary track record of successfully navigating and spearheading expansions and transforming companies into industry giants. Jeff was the President and CEO of Giant Tiger Stores for 10 years. In this capacity, Jeff helped grow the business from a regional discount chain with 250 million in sales to 1.4 billion in sales nationally as Canada’s third largest discount chain. In 2009, Jeff joined Farm Boy with a mandate to expand the business. Under his leadership, the company grew from a nine-store chain in the Ottawa region to 26 stores in Ottawa, Kingston, the GTA and Southwestern Ontario. Farm Boy was acquired by Sobeys’ parent company Empire Company Limited for $800 million in 2018.
Renato has 30 + years of experience as a trusted legal advisor and strategist. As an executive he has assisted numerous companies and their Boards of Directors to plot out and implement significant growth, diversification and reorganization plans in challenging circumstances. He was lead counsel on the sale of Zarlink Semiconductor’s $680 million dollar business as part of a takeover bid. At Zarlink he negotiated significant development, manufacturing, supply, distribution and IP licensing agreements with leading suppliers (eg Cisco, Nokia, Ericsson, Medtronic, Starkey, TSMC, Global Foundries, etc.). Renato has been involved in M&A, restructuring, financings and commercial contracts for dozens of companies. He also provides legal support in regards to intellectual property, securities, real estate leasing and employment law. He represents clients mostly in the SaaS, wireless, proptech, quantum, renewables, e-commerce, engineering and real estate conversion space.
James Nguyen is the Co-Founder and CEO of Quantropi, a pioneering quantum-secure communications company established in 2018. Alongside Dr. Randy Kaung, James is dedicated to upholding truth and trust in the global digital economy. Under his leadership, Quantropi has accomplished major milestones. These include being recognized as the Best Fiduciary Board at the inaugural 2024 Canada’s Best Private Boards program, becoming a NATO-approved supplier, receiving the 2023 Future in Review – FiRe Starter award, and being named a 2022 Deloitte Fast 50 company.
James’s contributions to the industry have earned him numerous personal accolades, including the 2023 CanadianSME National Entrepreneur of the Year award and being recognized as Ottawa’s Top Forty Under 40 recipient. James holds a degree in Economics from Carleton University.
Before founding Quantropi, he served as the Chief Investment Officer and VP of Asia Operations for a diverse group of private and public interests involved in real estate, mining, energy storage, and manufacturing. In these roles, he was responsible for strategy, banking, and global expansions, successfully securing substantial investments and partnerships.